Performance
As the Internet is a heterogeneous network,
the physical characteristics, including for example the data transfer rates of connections,
vary widely. It exhibits emergent phenomena that depend on its
large-scale organization.[citation needed]
Outages
An Internet blackout or outage can be
caused by local signalling interruptions. Disruptions of submarine communications cables may cause blackouts
or slowdowns to large areas, such as in the 2008 submarine cable disruption. Less-developed
countries are more vulnerable due to a small number of high-capacity links.
Land cables are also vulnerable, as in 2011 when a woman digging for scrap
metal severed most connectivity for the nation of Armenia.[125] Internet blackouts
affecting almost entire countries can be achieved by governments as a form
of Internet censorship, as in the blockage of
the Internet in Egypt, whereby approximately
93%[126] of networks were
without access in 2011 in an attempt to stop mobilization for anti-government protests.[127]
Energy
use
In 2011, researchers estimated the energy
used by the Internet to be between 170 and 307 GW, less than two percent of the
energy used by humanity. This estimate included the energy needed to build,
operate, and periodically replace the estimated 750 million laptops, a billion
smart phones and 100 million servers worldwide as well as the energy that
routers, cell towers, optical switches, Wi-Fi transmitters and cloud storage
devices use when transmitting Internet traffic.[128][129]
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Further reading
·
First Monday, a peer-reviewed journal
on the Internet established in 1996 as a Great Cities Initiative of the
University Library of the University of Illinois at Chicago, ISSN 1396-0466
·
Rise of the Network
Society,
Manual Castells, Wiley-Blackwell, 1996 (1st ed) and 2009 (2nd ed), ISBN 978-1-4051-9686-4
·
"The Internet:
Changing the Way We Communicate" in America's Investment in
the Future, National Science Foundation, Arlington, Va. USA,
2000
·
"Lessons from the
History of the Internet", Manuel Castells, in The Internet
Galaxy, Ch. 1, pp 9–35, Oxford University Press, 2001, ISBN 978-0-19-925577-1
